Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: the function of environmental connectedness, environmental ethics, & environmental knowledge
Abstract
The environment is essential in determining the well-being and quality of human life. The rapid development of human civilization causes humans to depend highly on the world of science and technology. Unfortunately, this speed causes people to become complacent in carrying out their responsibility to protect the environment. The effects of these activities have begun to be felt by today's generation. Despite a strong consensus about human environmental responsibility, many people fail to behave in line with their pro-environmental behaviour. This study examines the interrelationship between environmental connectedness, ethics, knowledge, and pro-environmental behaviour. The quantitative survey method and convenience sampling collected data from the Malaysian public. The final valid data of 247 respondents were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis conducted within SPSS. The regression results showed that environmental connectedness, ethics, and knowledge significantly influenced pro-environmental behaviour. These results indicate that citizens who are emotionally attached to the environment, ethically value the environment, and are highly knowledgeable on how to preserve and conserve the environment will help guarantee a comfortable life. Several theoretical and practical implications are also highlighted in this paper.
Keywords:
Environmental Connectedness, Environmental Ethics, Environmental Knowledge, Pro-Environmental Behaviour
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References
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Zhang, H., Cai, L., Bai, B., Yang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023). National forest park visitors' connectedness to nature and pro-environmental behaviour: The effects of cultural ecosystem service, place, and event attachment. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100621
Harbrow, M. (2019). Visitors as Advocates: A Review of the Relationship between Participation in Outdoor Recreation and Support for Conservation and the Environment. New Zealand: N. Z. Department of Conservation.
Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviours: An application of the value-belief norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320
Li, D., Zhao, L., Ma, S., Shao, S., & Zhang, L. (2019). What influences an individual’s pro-environmental behaviour? A literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.024
Martin, L., White, M. P., Hunt, A., Richardson, M., Pahl, S., & Burt, J. (2020). Nature contact, nature connectedness and associations with health, well-being, and pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101389
Ertz, M., Karakas, F., & Sarigöllü, E. (2016). Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3971-3980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.010
Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Drivers of customer decision to visit an environmentally responsible museum: Merging the theory of planned behaviour and norm activation theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1155-1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1304317
Mohd Suki, N. (2017). Green products usage: structural relationships on customer satisfaction and loyalty. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 24(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1169563
Mishal, A., Dubey, R., Gupta, O. K., & Luo, Z. (2017). Dynamics of environmental consciousness and green purchase behaviour: An empirical study. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(5), 682–706. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-11-2016-0168
Chakraborty, A., Singh, M. P., & Roy, M. (2017). A study of goal frames shaping pro-environmental behaviour in university students. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), 1291–1310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2016-0185
Wut, T. M., Ng, P., Kan, H. K. M., & Fong, C. S. (2021). Does gender matter? Attitude towards waste charging policy and pro-environmental behaviours. Social Responsibility Journal, 17(8), 1100-1115. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2020-0102
Zareie, B., & Navimipour, N. J. (2016). The impact of electronic environmental knowledge on the environmental behaviours of people. Computers in Human Behaviour, 59, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.025
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sainz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2018). Does gender make a difference in pro-environmental behavior? The case of the Basque Country University students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 176, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.079
Georgescu, M. A., & Herman, E. (2020). Are young people ready to have a pro-environmental sustainable behaviour as tourists? An investigation of towel reuse intention. Sustainability, 12(22), 9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229469
Ongan, S., Işık, C., Amin, A., Bulut, U., Rehman, A., Alvarado, R., ... & Karakaya, S. (2023). Are economic growth and environmental pollution a dilemma? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 49591-49604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25698-y
Sinar Harian (September 23, 2019). 80 Peratus Sungai Di Bandar 'Mati' Akibat Pencemaran. Retrieved from https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/80-peratus-sungai-di-bandar-mati-akibat-pencemaran-218233
Mansoor, M., & Wijaksana, T. I. (2023). Predictors of pro-environmental behaviour: Moderating role of knowledge sharing and mediatory role of perceived environmental responsibility. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(5), 1089-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.2016380
Gao, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). A rational-affective-moral factor model for determining tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(13), 2145–2163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2078687
Shanmugavel, N., & Balakrishnan, J. (2023). Influence of pro-environmental behaviour towards behavioural intention of electric vehicles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187, 122206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122206
Farrukh, M., Raza, A., Mansoor, A., Khan, M. S., & Lee, J. W. C. (2023). Trends and patterns in pro-environmental behaviour research: A bibliometric review and research agenda. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 30(3), 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-10-2020-0521
Soomro, M. A., Ali, M. H., Zailani, S., Tseng, M. L., & Makhbul, Z. M. (2023). Understanding barriers and motivations in solid waste management from Malaysian industries: A comparative analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5717-5729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22558-z
Martin, C. & Czellar, S. (2016). The extended inclusion of nature in self-scale. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 47, 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.006
Mackay, C. M., & Schmitt, M. T. (2019). Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65, 101323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101323
Teixeira, A., Gabriel, R., Martinho, J., Santos, M., Faria, A., Oliveira, I., & Moreira, H. (2023). Pro-environmental behaviors: Relationship with nature visits, connectedness to nature, and physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 37(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171221119089
Lengieza, M. L., Aviste, R., & Swim, J. K. (2023). Connectedness to nature through outdoor environmental education: Insights from psychology. Outdoor Environmental Education in the Contemporary World, 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29257-6_4
Bezeljak, P., Torkar, G., & Möller, A. (2023). Understanding Austrian middle school students’ connectedness with nature. The Journal of Environmental Education, 54(3), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2023.2188577
Singh, S. K., Chen, J., Del Giudice, M., & El-Kassar, A. N. (2019). Environmental ethics, environmental performance, and competitive advantage: Role of environmental training. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.032
Reed, M. G., & Slaymaker, O. (1993). Ethics and sustainability: A preliminary perspective. Environment and Planning A, 25(5), 723-739. https://doi.org/10.1068/a250723
Traer, R. (2019). Doing environmental ethics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429443886
Rolston III, H. (2020). A new environmental ethics: The next millennium for life on earth. Routledge.
Verma, A. K. (2019). Sustainable development and environmental ethics. International Journal on Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 1-5. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3689046
Bala, R., Singh, S., & Sharma, K. K. (2023). Relationship between environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, environmental attitude, and environmental behavioural intention–A segmented mediation approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 34(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-08-2021-0202
Asif, M. H., Zhongfu, T., Irfan, M., & Işık, C. (2023). Do environmental knowledge and green trust matter for the purchase intention of eco-friendly home appliances? An application of extended theory of planned behavior. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 37762–37774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24899-1
Chaihanchanchai, P., & Anantachart, S. (2023). Encouraging green product purchase: Green value and environmental knowledge as moderators of attitude and behavior relationship. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3130
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research Methods for Business. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
Pearce, J., Huang, S. S., Dowling, R. K., & Smith, A. J. (2022). Effects of social and personal norms, and connectedness to nature, on pro-environmental behavior: A study of Western Australian protected area visitors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100966
Gurbuzoglu Yalmanci, S. (2015). Investigation of environmental ethics approaches of students in terms of various variables. The Anthropologist, 21(3), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891850
Jaiswal, D., & Kant, R. (2018). Green purchasing behavior: A conceptual framework and empirical investigation of Indian consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.11.008
Blok, V., Wesselink, R., Studynka, O., & Kemp, R. (2015). Encouraging sustainability in the workplace: A survey on the pro-environmental behaviour of university employees. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.063
Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design & Analysis. Morwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kline, T. (2005). Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation. Sage.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Al Zaidi, S. M., Iyanna, S., Jabeen, F., & Mehmood, K. (2023). Understanding employees’ voluntary pro-environmental behaviour in public organizations–An integrative theory approach. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(8), 1466–1489. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2022-0176
Silvi, M., & Padilla, E. (2021). Pro‐environmental behavior: Social norms, intrinsic motivation, and external conditions. Environmental Policy and Governance, 31(6), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1960
Dehghani Soltani, M., Shoul, A., & Ramezani, S. (2019). Investigating environmental value and green image supposed effects on the word-of-mouth advertising tendency by explaining green trust and willingness to pay roles through the SOR model framework. Journal of Business Management, 11(4), 804-824.
Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., & Gaillard, E. (2020). Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biological Conservation, 241, 108224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108224
Islam, M. S., Karia, N., Taib, F. M., Ara, H., & Moeinzadeh, S. (2022). Ethic-religious green supply chain management (GSCM): Embedding Islamic ethics’ codes for improving environmental concerns. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(1), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02-2021-0052
Fan, W., Wang, F., Liu, S., Chen, T., Bai, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). How does financial and manufacturing co-agglomeration affect environmental pollution? Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Management, 325, 116544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116544
Duong, M., & Pensini, P. (2023). The role of connectedness in sustainable behaviour: A parallel mediation model examining the prosocial foundations of pro-environmental behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 209, 112216. https://doi.org/10.22059/jibm.2019.281017.3496
Esfandiar, K., Pearce, J., & Dowling, R. (2019). Personal norms and pro-environmental binning behaviour of visitors in national parks: The development of a conceptual framework. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1580936
Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2023). Nature Relatedness And Subjective Well-being. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-being Research (pp. 1-9). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Zhang, H., Cai, L., Bai, B., Yang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023). National forest park visitors' connectedness to nature and pro-environmental behaviour: The effects of cultural ecosystem service, place, and event attachment. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100621
Harbrow, M. (2019). Visitors as Advocates: A Review of the Relationship between Participation in Outdoor Recreation and Support for Conservation and the Environment. New Zealand: N. Z. Department of Conservation.
Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviours: An application of the value-belief norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320
Li, D., Zhao, L., Ma, S., Shao, S., & Zhang, L. (2019). What influences an individual’s pro-environmental behaviour? A literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.024
Martin, L., White, M. P., Hunt, A., Richardson, M., Pahl, S., & Burt, J. (2020). Nature contact, nature connectedness and associations with health, well-being, and pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101389
Ertz, M., Karakas, F., & Sarigöllü, E. (2016). Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3971-3980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.010
Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Drivers of customer decision to visit an environmentally responsible museum: Merging the theory of planned behaviour and norm activation theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1155-1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1304317
Mohd Suki, N. (2017). Green products usage: structural relationships on customer satisfaction and loyalty. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 24(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1169563
Mishal, A., Dubey, R., Gupta, O. K., & Luo, Z. (2017). Dynamics of environmental consciousness and green purchase behaviour: An empirical study. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(5), 682–706. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-11-2016-0168
Chakraborty, A., Singh, M. P., & Roy, M. (2017). A study of goal frames shaping pro-environmental behaviour in university students. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), 1291–1310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2016-0185
Wut, T. M., Ng, P., Kan, H. K. M., & Fong, C. S. (2021). Does gender matter? Attitude towards waste charging policy and pro-environmental behaviours. Social Responsibility Journal, 17(8), 1100-1115. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2020-0102
Zareie, B., & Navimipour, N. J. (2016). The impact of electronic environmental knowledge on the environmental behaviours of people. Computers in Human Behaviour, 59, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.025
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sainz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2018). Does gender make a difference in pro-environmental behavior? The case of the Basque Country University students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 176, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.079
Georgescu, M. A., & Herman, E. (2020). Are young people ready to have a pro-environmental sustainable behaviour as tourists? An investigation of towel reuse intention. Sustainability, 12(22), 9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229469
Ongan, S., Işık, C., Amin, A., Bulut, U., Rehman, A., Alvarado, R., ... & Karakaya, S. (2023). Are economic growth and environmental pollution a dilemma? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 49591-49604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25698-y
Sinar Harian (September 23, 2019). 80 Peratus Sungai Di Bandar 'Mati' Akibat Pencemaran. Retrieved from https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/80-peratus-sungai-di-bandar-mati-akibat-pencemaran-218233
Mansoor, M., & Wijaksana, T. I. (2023). Predictors of pro-environmental behaviour: Moderating role of knowledge sharing and mediatory role of perceived environmental responsibility. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(5), 1089-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.2016380
Gao, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). A rational-affective-moral factor model for determining tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(13), 2145–2163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2078687
Shanmugavel, N., & Balakrishnan, J. (2023). Influence of pro-environmental behaviour towards behavioural intention of electric vehicles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187, 122206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122206
Farrukh, M., Raza, A., Mansoor, A., Khan, M. S., & Lee, J. W. C. (2023). Trends and patterns in pro-environmental behaviour research: A bibliometric review and research agenda. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 30(3), 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-10-2020-0521
Soomro, M. A., Ali, M. H., Zailani, S., Tseng, M. L., & Makhbul, Z. M. (2023). Understanding barriers and motivations in solid waste management from Malaysian industries: A comparative analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5717-5729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22558-z
Martin, C. & Czellar, S. (2016). The extended inclusion of nature in self-scale. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 47, 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.006
Mackay, C. M., & Schmitt, M. T. (2019). Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65, 101323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101323
Teixeira, A., Gabriel, R., Martinho, J., Santos, M., Faria, A., Oliveira, I., & Moreira, H. (2023). Pro-environmental behaviors: Relationship with nature visits, connectedness to nature, and physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 37(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171221119089
Lengieza, M. L., Aviste, R., & Swim, J. K. (2023). Connectedness to nature through outdoor environmental education: Insights from psychology. Outdoor Environmental Education in the Contemporary World, 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29257-6_4
Bezeljak, P., Torkar, G., & Möller, A. (2023). Understanding Austrian middle school students’ connectedness with nature. The Journal of Environmental Education, 54(3), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2023.2188577
Singh, S. K., Chen, J., Del Giudice, M., & El-Kassar, A. N. (2019). Environmental ethics, environmental performance, and competitive advantage: Role of environmental training. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.032
Reed, M. G., & Slaymaker, O. (1993). Ethics and sustainability: A preliminary perspective. Environment and Planning A, 25(5), 723-739. https://doi.org/10.1068/a250723
Traer, R. (2019). Doing environmental ethics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429443886
Rolston III, H. (2020). A new environmental ethics: The next millennium for life on earth. Routledge.
Verma, A. K. (2019). Sustainable development and environmental ethics. International Journal on Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 1-5. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3689046
Bala, R., Singh, S., & Sharma, K. K. (2023). Relationship between environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, environmental attitude, and environmental behavioural intention–A segmented mediation approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 34(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-08-2021-0202
Asif, M. H., Zhongfu, T., Irfan, M., & Işık, C. (2023). Do environmental knowledge and green trust matter for the purchase intention of eco-friendly home appliances? An application of extended theory of planned behavior. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 37762–37774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24899-1
Chaihanchanchai, P., & Anantachart, S. (2023). Encouraging green product purchase: Green value and environmental knowledge as moderators of attitude and behavior relationship. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3130
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research Methods for Business. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
Pearce, J., Huang, S. S., Dowling, R. K., & Smith, A. J. (2022). Effects of social and personal norms, and connectedness to nature, on pro-environmental behavior: A study of Western Australian protected area visitors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100966
Gurbuzoglu Yalmanci, S. (2015). Investigation of environmental ethics approaches of students in terms of various variables. The Anthropologist, 21(3), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891850
Jaiswal, D., & Kant, R. (2018). Green purchasing behavior: A conceptual framework and empirical investigation of Indian consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.11.008
Blok, V., Wesselink, R., Studynka, O., & Kemp, R. (2015). Encouraging sustainability in the workplace: A survey on the pro-environmental behaviour of university employees. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.063
Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design & Analysis. Morwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kline, T. (2005). Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation. Sage.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Al Zaidi, S. M., Iyanna, S., Jabeen, F., & Mehmood, K. (2023). Understanding employees’ voluntary pro-environmental behaviour in public organizations–An integrative theory approach. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(8), 1466–1489. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2022-0176
Silvi, M., & Padilla, E. (2021). Pro‐environmental behavior: Social norms, intrinsic motivation, and external conditions. Environmental Policy and Governance, 31(6), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1960
Dehghani Soltani, M., Shoul, A., & Ramezani, S. (2019). Investigating environmental value and green image supposed effects on the word-of-mouth advertising tendency by explaining green trust and willingness to pay roles through the SOR model framework. Journal of Business Management, 11(4), 804-824.
Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., & Gaillard, E. (2020). Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biological Conservation, 241, 108224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108224
Islam, M. S., Karia, N., Taib, F. M., Ara, H., & Moeinzadeh, S. (2022). Ethic-religious green supply chain management (GSCM): Embedding Islamic ethics’ codes for improving environmental concerns. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(1), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02-2021-0052
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Mohd Noor, N. H., Md Zaini , S., Pudin, S., & Jaafar Sidek, S. (2024). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: the function of environmental connectedness, environmental ethics, & environmental knowledge. Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(2), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.33306/mjssh/272
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